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Halloween or Halloween (a contraction of Hallows Even or Hallows Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows Eve, or All Saints Eve, is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows Day.
Is ceiliúradh é Oíche Shamhna nó Oíche Shamhna (crapadh ar Oíche Shamhna Hallows nó Tráthnóna Hallows), ar a dtugtar Allhalloween, All Hallows ’Eve, nó All Saints’ Eve freisin, ceiliúradh a breathnaíodh i go leor tíortha an 31 Deireadh Fómhair, an oíche roimh an Iarthar Féile Chríostaí Lá All Hallows.
It begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.
Cuireann sé tús le urramú trí lá ar Allhallowtide, an t-am sa bhliain liotúirgeach atá tiomnaithe chun cuimhneamh ar na mairbh, lena n-áirítear naoimh (hallaí), mairtírigh, agus na dílseoirí go léir a d’imigh.
It is widely believed that many Halloween traditions originated from ancient Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain; that such festivals may have had pagan roots; and that Samhain itself was Christianized as Halloween by the early Church.
Creidtear go forleathan gur tháinig go leor traidisiún Oíche Shamhna ó fhéilte fómhair Ceilteacha ársa, go háirithe an fhéile Ghaelach Samhain; go mb’fhéidir go raibh fréamhacha págánacha ag féilte den sórt sin; agus go raibh Samhain féin Críostaíithe mar Oíche Shamhna ag an Eaglais luath.
Some believe, however, that Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, separate from ancient festivals like Samhain.
Creideann cuid, áfach, gur mar shaoire Chríostaí amháin a thosaigh Oíche Shamhna, ar leithligh ó fhéilte ársa mar Samhain.
Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, as well as watching horror films.
I measc ghníomhaíochtaí Oíche Shamhna tá cleas-nó-chóireáil (nó an guising agus souling gaolmhar), freastal ar chóisirí éadaí Oíche Shamhna, pumpkins a shnoí isteach i lóchrainn jack-o’-tine, tine chnámh a lasadh, bobbáil úll, cluichí divination, pranks a imirt, cuairt a thabhairt ar nithe ciaptha, insint scanrúil scéalta, chomh maith le féachaint ar scannáin uafáis.
In many parts of the world, the Christian religious observances of All Hallows Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead, remain popular, although elsewhere it is a more commercial and secular celebration.
In a lán áiteanna ar fud an domhain, tá tóir i gcónaí ar bhreathnóireachtaí reiligiúnacha Críostaí Oíche All Hallows, lena n-áirítear freastal ar sheirbhísí eaglaise agus coinnle a lasadh ar uaigheanna na marbh, cé gur ceiliúradh níos tráchtála agus níos tuata é in áiteanna eile.
Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.
Go stairiúil staon roinnt Críostaithe ó fheoil ar Oíche All Hallows, traidisiún a léirítear in ithe bianna vegetarian áirithe ar an lá bríomhar seo, lena n- áirítear úlla, pancóga prátaí, agus cácaí anama.
Todays Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.
Creidtear go raibh tionchar ag nósanna agus creidimh tíre ó na tíortha labhartha Ceilteacha ar nósanna Oíche Shamhna an lae inniu, agus creidtear go bhfuil fréamhacha págánacha ag cuid acu.
Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that “there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived”.
Scríobhann Jack Santino, béaloideasóir, “go raibh suaimhneas míshuaimhneach ar fud na hÉireann idir nósanna agus creidimh a bhaineann leis an gCríostaíocht agus iad siúd a raibh baint acu le reiligiúin a bhí Éireannach sular tháinig an Chríostaíocht”.
Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while “some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain, which comes from the Old Irish for summers end.”
Tugann an staraí Nicholas Rogers, agus é ag iniúchadh bunús Oíche Shamhna, faoi deara “cé gur aimsigh roinnt béaloideasóirí a bhunús i bhféile Rómhánach Pomona, bandia na dtorthaí agus na síolta, nó i bhféile na marbh ar a dtugtar Parentalia, tá nasc níos gnách leis féile Cheilteach Samhain, a thagann ón Sean-Ghaeilge le haghaidh ‘deireadh an tsamhraidh’. “
Samhain was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and was celebrated on 31 October – 1 November in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.
Ba é Samhain an chéad lá agus an ceann is tábhachtaí de na ceithre ráithe sa bhféilire Gaelach meánaoiseach agus rinneadh é a cheiliúradh an 31 Deireadh Fómhair – 1 Samhain in Éirinn, in Albain agus in Oileán Mhanann.
A kindred festival was held at the same time of year by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning “first day of winter”.
Reáchtáladh féile comhchineáil ag an am céanna den bhliain ag na Ceiltigh Briotanacha, darb ainm Calan Gaeaf sa Bhreatain Bheag, Kalan Gwav i gCorn na Breataine agus Kalan Goañv sa Bhriotáin; ainm a chiallaíonn “an chéad lá den gheimhreadh”.
For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival began on the evening before 7 November by modern reckoning (the half point between equinox and solstice).
Maidir leis na Ceiltigh, tháinig deireadh leis an lá agus thosaigh sé ag luí na gréine; mar sin cuireadh tús leis an bhféile an tráthnóna roimh 7 Samhain trí ríomh nua-aimseartha (an leathphointe idir equinox agus grianstad).
Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature.
Luaitear Samhain agus Calan Gaeaf i gcuid den litríocht Ghaeilge agus Bhreatnais is luaithe.
The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century, and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.
D’úsáid staraithe na hainmneacha chun tagairt a dhéanamh do nósanna Ceilteacha Oíche Shamhna go dtí an 19ú haois, agus is ainmneacha Gaelacha agus Breatnaise d’Oíche Shamhna iad fós.